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Engel v. Vitale
''Engel v. Vitale'', 370 U.S. 421 (1962), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.
==Background of the case==
The case was brought by a group of families of public school students in New Hyde Park, New York, who complained that the voluntary prayer written by the state board of regents to "Almighty God" contradicted their religious beliefs. Led by Stephen Engel, a follower of Judaism,〔http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/plaintiff-in-1962-landmark-school-prayer-case-reflects-on-his-role〕 the plaintiffs sought to challenge the constitutionality of the state's prayer in school policy. They were supported by groups opposed to the school prayer including rabbinical organizations, Ethical Culture, and Judaic organizations. The acting parties were not members of one particular religion; despite being listed in the court papers as an atheist, plaintiff Lawrence Roth later denied this allegation and described himself as religious but not comfortable with prayer.〔https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc5Ove6xYf8C&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=steven+engel+jewish&source=bl&ots=jS_1a2ex8y&sig=5SlTz-RFO4tXo3s7ojhwMxS_6zk&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0CGUQ6AEwDWoVChMIuNKyg_rQxwIVxKMeCh2QgwuU#v=onepage&q=steven%20engel%20jewish&f=false〕 The five plaintiffs were made up of 3 Jews and two self-proclaimed "spiritual" people who did not belong to any one organized religion. The prayer in question was:
The plaintiffs argued that opening the school day with such a prayer violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (as applied to the states through the Fourteenth), which says in part, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." The governments of twenty-two states signed on to an ''amicus curiae'' brief urging affirmance of the New York Court of Appeals decision that upheld the constitutionality of the prayer.〔The ''amicus curiae'' was joined by the attorneys general of Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Colombia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, and West Virginia.〕 The American Jewish Committee, the Synagogue Council of America, and the American Ethical Union each submitted briefs urging the Court to instead reverse and rule that the prayer was unconstitutional.〔A full list of ''amicus'' briefs can be found at (Findlaw ).〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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